Is there any script (windows, linux or webapp service) that provide formatting? There's the tree command (exists in both Windows and unix/linux) which does it rather nicely. For example, here's a small portion of the dir structure for Python-2.7.3. The Computer folder shows all the storage devices that are currently connected to your Mac. The following steps show how you can start at the Computer folder and drill down through the folder structure: To find the Computer folder, choose Go→Computer or press Shift+Command+C. Create ER diagram on Mac in a simple way that is much easier than before. Use predefined ER diagram shapes or templates to get started rapidly. Entity relationship diagram (ERD) is a kind of diagram for presenting visually the structure of relational database.

According to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK), a work breakdown structure (WBS) is “a hierarchical decomposition of the total scope of work to be carried out by the project team to accomplish the project objectives and create the required deliverables.” In the tree structure of a WBS, project deliverables and activities are broken down into manageable parts, making it easier to estimate required resources and costs, create a realistic schedule, and control each stage of a project. A work breakdown structure is especially useful for bigger projects that involve many elements.

To save you time and facilitate the process of creating a work breakdown structure, you can use a pre-built WBS template. In this article, we’ve rounded up the most common WBS templates, all of which are fully customizable and free to download. With the preformatted structure of a template, you can streamline the decomposition process and ensure that all necessary details are included. Download the following Microsoft Excel and Word templates to get started.

What Goes Into a Work Breakdown Structure

A work breakdown structure separates data, services, a product, or all three, depending on the type and scope of a project. A WBS can be oriented around deliverables or around project phases and milestones for a process-centered approach. The process of subdividing a project into smaller components is called decomposition, and it can be completed by an entire project team as a group effort to ensure a comprehensive WBS. Doing so will give all team members a broad understanding of the project, thus improving communication, efficiency, and accountability.

Once the deliverables or milestones have been identified, the team can list the sequence of activities needed to complete each deliverable, thus decomposing the project into workable steps. The hierarchy of steps breaks the project into levels: The lowest level is the work package, which includes the activity or tasks required to produce a deliverable or complete a milestone. The pre-formatted structure of a template can help streamline the decomposition process and ensure that all necessary details are included.

The number of levels required for a WBS will depend on the characteristics of a project, but the levels must be sufficient to meet a project manager’s needs for accurate estimating and effective project monitoring. In a similar vein, the level of detail will vary, but one option is to follow the 8/80 rule, which says that the lowest level of work should require between eight and 80 hours. Based on this rule, if a work package takes more than 80 hours, it needs to be decomposed further.

A work breakdown structure can be formatted in various ways, including as an outline (basically, a numbered list), a hierarchical table, or a tree diagram. Regardless of format, a WBS will typically include outline numbering to represent the sequential order of each level and activity. To complement the WBS, a related dictionary may be created to provide detailed information about each element of the project, including definitions of each work package, effort level and duration of tasks, resources, and more. A WBS dictionary is generally presented in a table or spreadsheet format and serves as a detailed reference and planning tool.

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WBS Template with Gantt Chart

Pairing a work breakdown structure with a Gantt chart provides information on tasks and subtasks along with a visual view of project management. This is sort of like combining a WBS outline, dictionary, and project schedule in a single template. You can organize tasks using WBS outline numbering, include whatever details are pertinent to your project - such as duration, completion status, deadlines, and assigned owners - and use the Gantt chart to visually track progress and outcomes.

Download WBS Template with Gantt Chart

Excel | Smartsheet

Work Breakdown Structure Diagram Template

This work breakdown structure diagram template is arranged in boxes and rows for an easy-to-read layout. Levels are clearly separated, and tasks are organized hierarchically. The graphic layout allows you to get a project overview at a glance, while the structure provides clarity on the breakdown of tasks. The advantage of this diagram view is that you can see the overall scope of work without getting lost in details. Combine this with a WBS dictionary for a mix of visual structure and detailed project information.

Download Work Breakdown Structure Diagram Template

Excel | Smartsheet

Work Breakdown Structure Dictionary Template

A detailed WBS dictionary can help a project manager create an effective project schedule. This dictionary template includes WBS numbering, task names and descriptions, the level of effort for each task, scheduling dates, and more. You can add, remove, or edit columns and rows on this spreadsheet template to create a comprehensive WBS dictionary for your project.

Download Work Breakdown Structure Dictionary Template

Excel | Smartsheet

WBS Tree Diagram Template

This work breakdown structure template provides a simple tree structure in a Word document. The center box at the top of the tree will hold your project name, and the tiers below the box will break deliverables down into distinct work packages. While this is a diagram view rather than an outline, you can choose to include WBS numbering in each box to further delineate elements and project levels. This template can also be useful for matching your WBS dictionary to the diagram.

Download WBS Tree Diagram Template

Excel | Word

WBS Outline and Diagram Template

This work breakdown structure template provides both outline and tree structure views in a spreadsheet format. You can add as many levels as needed to cover the breakdown of your project. The outline view offers simplicity and quick organization, while the diagram view provides a visual representation of how each project level relates to the next. You can easily add more sheets to this WBS Excel template to include more project planning or data.

WBS Levels Template

For a slightly different layout from the tree template offered above, this WBS diagram clearly separates all of the levels and labels them. This provides both vertical and horizontal organization of the hierarchical tree structure. As with the other diagram templates offered here, the visual nature of this work breakdown structure in Word makes it easy to read and understand the relationships between the different levels, tasks, and objectives.

User Acceptance Testing and Training WBS

User acceptance testing (UAT) is the last phase of software testing, in which actual users try out the software to ensure its functionality in real-world situations. This tree diagram WBS is designed to help you manage its many activities. The template includes branches for training, project-specific roles, test sites, and training completion, and you can edit the work packages or add/delete categories as needed. Overall, this template can provide a high-level plan of how you will organize and take in feedback from your UAT process.

People and Project Management WBS

Use this simple Word template to visualize how you could manage multiple clients, direct reports, or projects. The levels in this example are very straightforward, so edit them with your specific responsibilities. The work packages here are defined as individual tasks required by each client, team member, or project, so you can narrow them to fit the project’s or person’s needs.

Software Development Project WBS

This Excel template provides space to organize tasks in an outline or tree diagram. Create a detailed, hierarchical list of all tasks and activities that need to be completed in a software development project, and note the difference between client deliverables and internal activities with the key provided. If necessary, you could edit the template for a software upgrade, rather than a new development project. This template does not include branches for project management activities, so be sure to track those separately, if needed. Also, keep in mind that the development method you employ (waterfall, Agile, etc.) will have a bearing on the order and duration of work packages.

Construction Project WBS

This template is created with construction projects in mind. It features both a tree diagram and outline, which you can edit to include the necessary phases and work packages for your project. You can also view task hierarchy in both formats: via parent and child rows in the outline, and by color-coding on the diagram.

Engineering Project WBS

Use this WBS template to plan and delegate tasks in large-scale engineering projects. The template includes two Excel sheets, one in tree diagram and one in outline form, so you can list the work packages and organize tasks in the way that makes sense for your team. In this example, the template includes categories for engineering, enterprising, and educating, but you can edit all categories and work packages to reflect your own project’s needs.

Conference Planning Mindmap

This work breakdown structure is designed like a mindmap: The overarching objective (planning a conference) is at the center, and all supporting tasks are grouped by phase and displayed in separate bubbles extending out from the center point. The template is designed specifically for conference planning, so categories include initiation, marketing and web, procurement, management delegation, on-the-day activities, and project closeout, as well as specific sample tasks for each phase. Edit the categories to fit your needs, and add images or graphics to expand on your ideas.

Business Process Modeling WBS

This tree diagram template for Excel walks you through creating, modeling, and monitoring business processes. Branches are organized into six phases: project launch, design, modeling, development/execution, implementation, and realization of value and monitor. The template is prefilled with specific tasks for each category, but you can edit, add, or delete items as necessary. Furthermore, the template is color-coded by level, so you can easily identify the task size and more accurately predict timeline, budget, and resources.

Business Acquisition WBS

This template provides a tree diagram view to list all activities and tasks associated with onboarding a recently acquired business. You’ll find categories for migrating resource information and project accounting, training, a plan for the first 100 days, preparations, and communications, along with space to fill in specific tasks for each category. You can also edit the categories to meet your needs or add more branches if necessary.

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The Mac OS is a graphical operating system developed by Apple Inc. The tenth version of the Mac OS is the Mac OS X which was launched in 2001.

The structure of the Mac OS X includes multiple layers. The base layer is Darwin which is the Unix core of the system. Next layer is the graphics system which contains Quartz, OpenGL and QuickTime. Then is the application layer which has four components, namely Classic, Carbon, Cocoa and Java. The top layer is Aqua, which is the user interface.

A diagram that demonstrates the structure of Mac OS X is as follows −

Components of the Mac OS X Structure

Details about the different components of the Mac OS X structure as seen in the image above are as follows −

Core OS

Visio Folder Structure Diagram

The Darwin Core is based on the BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) version of Unix. Mach is the main part of the Darwin core and it performs operations such as memory use, data flow from and to CPU etc. Darwin is also open source i.e. anyone can obtain its source code and make modifications to it. Different versions of Darwin can be used to enhance the Mac OS X.

Some of the major features of the Darwin core are protected memory, automatic memory management, preemptive multitasking, advanced virtual memory etc. It also provides I/O services for Mac OS X and supports plug-and-play, hot-swapping and power management.

Graphics Subsystem

The graphics subsystem in the Mac OS X contains three parts i.e. Quartz, OpenGL and QuickTime. The 2-D graphics in the graphics subsystem is managed by Quartz. It provides fonts, interface graphics, rendering of the images etc. OpenGL provides support for 3-D graphics in the system such as texture mapping, transparency, antialiasing, atmospheric effects, special effects etc.

It is also used in Unix and Windows systems. QuickTime is used for different digital media such as digital video, audio and video streaming etc. It also enables creative applications such as iMovie, iTunes etc.

Application Subsystem

The application subsystem in Mac OS X provides the classic environment to run classic applications. Carbon, Cocoa and Java are the three application development environments available.

The classic environment makes sure that applications written for the previous versions of the operating system can run smoothly. The carbon environment is used to port existing applications to carbon application program interfaces. This is called carbonising the application. The cocoa environment provides object-oriented application development environment. The cocoa applications use the benefits of the Mac OS X Structure the most. The Java applications and Java applets can be run using the Java environment.

Folder Structure Examples

User Interface

Mac Folder Structure Diagram Unlabeled

Aqua is the user interface of Mac OS X. It provides good visual features as well as the tools to customize the user interface as per the user requirements. Aqua contains extensive use of colour and texture as well as extremely detailed icons. It is both pleasant to view and efficient to use.